Frisbee Golf (D-Golf, Frisbee Golf, or Frolf) is a sport in which individual players or teams throw a flying disc into a basket or other target. According to the Professional Disc Golf Association, "The object of the game is to traverse a course from beginning to end in the fewest number of throws of the disc."

Disc golf is similar to golf and uses much of the same rules and terminology. Unlike golf, most courses are located in public parks and are free to play. The modern disc golf target consists of a metal basket with chains hanging over it and was invented in 1976.

Playing

The initial "drive" is taken from a designated tee area. Each subsequent throw is taken from just behind the spot where the disc came to rest. Each throw is added to the player's score. As with ball golf, each hole is given a par rating. A common strategy for a par-three hole, as in golf, would be drive (long throw toward the basket), approach or "chip" (mid-range throw to the "green"), putt (short throw into the basket). The hole is scored when the disc has come to rest in the target basket or when it hits the designated part of an object (for example, post or tree) if there are no baskets and it is an object course.

Most holes are par threes, which is partly because most pro players should score a three on the hole and partly because it is easier to remember one's score. A player only needs to remember how much they are up or down from par to figure out their score easily. Very long holes (typically 800' or longer) may be considered par fours or fives depending on the difficulty of the hole. Stroke play is the most common scoring method but there are many others, including match play, skins, doubles, and speed golf.

Course description

As of early 2006, there were more than 2000 permanent disc golf courses installed around the world, although the vast majority of them are in the United States.

As in "ball golf," a typical course will have 18 holes, but each hole averages between 250 and 450 feet rather than yards. Many smaller courses have only 9 holes, while an increasing number of courses offer an additional 9 holes to make 27 available holes to the disc golfer. Many disc golf courses are in open, grassy public parks, but more challenging courses are set in semi-wooded and hilly areas, some quite rough and natural. One good example of a classic long course with wooded hills is De Laveaga Disc Golf Course in Santa Cruz, California, USA.

The target in disc golf is usually a metal basket that is mounted horizontally about three feet in the air, and attached to a pole that is around 5 feet tall. To better allow discs to come to rest in this basket, chains are suspended from another circular section near the top of the pole and allowed to hang limply to a point where they are connected to the pole in or near the receiving basket. The standard disc golf target has 12-24 chains suspended inside it.

Another common target is the 'Tone Hole.' This is generally a metal pipe, approximately 8" to 10" in diameter, mounted on a sturdy wooden post. Hitting the target is confirmed by the sound of the disc contacting the pipe. 'Natural' holes, being pre-existing natural or man-made features, are occasionally used as well.

Disc golf is unique in that PDGA and WFDF rules, based in player conservation efforts as well as fair play, make it a violation to cause damage to the course's flora. Fauna are not similarly protected, however. With most courses not requiring greens fees, the relative low cost of discs, and tournament fees still fairly low, the disc golf social structure may be among the most egalitarian and relaxed in organized sports.

Golf discs

There are a wide variety of discs, divided into three basic categories: putters, mid-range discs, and drivers. Within each of these categories, each disc has its own distinct flight characteristics. There are golf discs designed to fly straight, turn left, or turn right, depending on how they are thrown by the player. The putters are designed similar to discs you would play catch with: e.g., a Wham-o brand Frisbee®. They are designed to fly straight and predictably, and very slowly compared to the other two. Mid-range discs have slightly sharper edges, which enable them to cut through the air better. These discs are harder to learn to throw, but can fly much farther. Drivers have the sharpest edge and have most of their mass concentrated on the outer rim of the disc rather than distributed equally throughout. Drivers are the hardest types of discs to learn how to throw; their flight path will be very unpredictable without practice. There are several classes of drivers intended for different distances: depending on a driver's "stability," it could be a straight or turning driver. Golf discs typically weigh between 150 and 180 grams (5.3-6.3 oz.), and measure about 21-24 cm in diameter. PDGA rules prohibit discs weighing more than 200 grams, or whose weight is more than 8.3 grams per centimeter of diameter.

The most common brands of disc are Innova, Discraft, Gateway, Millennium, DGA, Lightning, DiscWing, Latitude 64, and 1080 Disc Golf.

Discs come in various types of plastic. For example, Innova makes discs in four types of plastic: their "DX" line plastic is the most affordable model, which wears most easily over time; the "Pro" line plastic offers increased durability, an enhanced grip and better glide; the "Champion" line is distinguished by clear or pearlescent plastic, and they are designed to provide maximum durability while retaining their flight characteristics; lastly, the new and most expensive "Star" line is advertised to offers the durability of the Champion plastic with the improved grip of the Pro plastic. Other companies such as Millennium offer discs in their "Millennium" plastic, their improved "Quantum" plastic, Their "Supersoft" line and their top-of-the-line "Sirius" plastic. Discraft offers "D," "X," "Z," and the latest, "ESP," which is similar to Innova's "Star" or Millennium's "Sirius." It is important to note that the durability, glide, performance, and cost of the discs are greatly influenced by the type of plastic. For example, upon impact with a tree, a "DX" plastic disc is much more likely to become bent or otherwise damaged -- and therefore change its flight characteristics -- than is a "Champion" plastic disc. The trade-off is that a premium-plastic disc often costs about twice as much as the same mold in low-grade plastic. Many players swear by the cheaper plastic, claiming that D or DX discs that have been "seasoned" to varying degrees have more desirable flight characteristics; unfortunately, this often necessitates carrying many copies of the same disc in various states of wear.

Players often carry their discs in specialized bags designed to organize their gear. Manufacturers of disc golf-specific bags include REVOLUTION Disc Golf, Innova, Discraft, and Lightning.

Throwing style

The two most common throwing techniques are the forehand throw (aka side-arm), and the backhand throw. Of the two, the backhand style is most familiar to new players and is the most common.

A right-handed player performing a forehand throw will generally hold the disc in his right hand and throw the disc with the palm of his hand facing the direction of the throw. A right-handed backhand thrower will throw the disc with the back side of his hand facing the direction of the throw.

The different types of throws spin the disc in opposite directions, causing the disc to turn and fade left or right, depending on type of disc thrown, wind, spin speed, and many other variables. Many players try to master both techniques or learn to play both left- and right-handed to account for as many situations as possible.

Additional throwing techniques include (but are not limited to):

• Hyzer — Disc thrown with the edge away from the body angled toward the ground. This will turn left for a righthand, backhand throw.
• Anhyzer — Disc thrown with the edge away from the body angled upward. This will turn right for a righthand, backhand throw.
• Hyzer-flip — Disc thrown with a hyzer angle, but with enough spin that it "flips" up to a flatter flight path. Most professional players use this shot for maximum distance.
• Roller - The disc is thrown either forehand or backhand, at close to a vertical angle, in such a way that when the disc hits the ground, it rolls. In the proper conditions, advanced players can get more distance from a roller than any other shot.
• Hammer/Tomahawk — A throw where the player holds the disc over his shoulder and releases it near vertically, with his thumb on the topside of the disc, and the index and middle fingers under the rim; the throwing motion is like an overhand baseball throw, and it is usually used for getting over obstacles such as shrubs or small trees. Depending on the stability of the disc used, a tomahawk throw may curve only a little and land upside-down, or it may "corkscrew," turning several directions in the air and usually landing with backspin.
• Thumber — Also known as a thumbhook or scooby. The player holds the disc in the same manner as the tomahawk, except with the thumb wrapped around the underside of the disc. In releasing, the disc will spin off of the thumb of the thrower, and create a very straight throw that has the possibility to fly quite far if thrown with enough force and spin.
• Grenade — Disc is held with a backhand grip, only upside down and thrown with extreme hyzer. Ideally, the disc will take a short bounce, flutter (resembling an explosion, hence the name) and stop very close to the landing point.
• Prebinator — A chip shot where the disc is held upside down and chipped to the basket with a normal forehand toss. The disc flies and dives straight down at the basket. Back spin is generated such that in case the disc misses the basket, it will come to a rest near the basket. The Prebinator takes a great dive down into the basket, taking advantage of the larger basket entry area.
• Chicken Wing — A forehand drive in which the thumb is placed on the inside rim of the disc and the fingers stay on the top. Bring the disc down near your hip, and keep it there throughout the duration of the drive. The rest of the drive is not unlike the regular forehand drive. Bring your arm back until it is fully extended. Then, swing your arm forward, flick, and release the disc. Most players that use this technique only use it for very specialized trick shots. The Chicken Wing, if learned correctly, holds great potential in freestyle and ultimate, but is not of much use in disc golf, because the posture needed to throw golf discs would dislocate the shoulder.
• Bi-Moto Putt — a two handed putting motion with the disc held at eye level and in line with the target. Also useful when putting into the wind.
• Turbo Putt — a putting style where one holds the disc similar to a waiter holding a serving tray. Fingers are outside the disc rim with the thumb near the center of the bottom side of the disc. Some throwers place one or more fingers on the inside of the rim for stability. The throw is like a push-spin with the forefinger imparting spin on the disc.

Disc physics

Stability is one of the most important disc properties when choosing a disc. There are three stability classifications, based on the behavior of a disc when thrown using a level right-handed backhand (reverse the direction for left-handed backhands):

• Understable: An understable disc has a natural tendency to curve to the right.
• Stable: A stable disc will maintain a straight flight path.
• Overstable: An overstable disc has a natural tendency to curve to the left.

Also, there are three stability classifications for right-handed forehand throws (reverse direction for left-handed forehands):

• Understable: An understable disc has a natural tendency to curve to the left.
• Stable: A stable disc will maintain a straight flight path.
• Overstable: An overstable disc has a natural tendency to curve to the right.

The stability of a disc depends on a number of factors, including the weight, size and shape of the disc and the speed with which it is thrown. Stability is increased when the player is able to "snap" the disc off the fingers, giving it a high rate of spin and therefore a lot of angular momentum, like a gyroscope; the increased stability will allow the player to increase their accuracy. Thus, a disc that is overstable for one player may be stable or even understable for another.

Throwing into the wind will make a disc fly more understable than it usually does, due to the higher airspeed. For a right-hand backhand thrower, this means that a disc will turn more to the right than it would normally. Therefore, to maintain a straight line, an overstable disc (i.e. one that turns to the left normally) should be thrown into the wind. An understable disc will be more likely to turn over (or flip) when thrown into the wind. For a right-hand backhand thrower, this will result in a dramatic right turn. The headwind will also cause the disc not to fade back to the left at all. Throwing with the wind will cause the opposite effects: a disc will behave as if it is more overstable, so players usually choose a more understable disc in a tailwind.

Each disc is also meant to be thrown within a certain speed range. If the disc is thrown slower than that range, it will fly overstable (to the left). Conversely, if the disc is thrown faster than that speed range, it will fly understable (to the right). The directions given in parentheses are for right-hand backhand throwers. A common example of this is when a beginner purchases a disc that is designed for pro-level players with extremely strong throws. This disc, in the hands of a beginner with a weak arm, will curve hard to the left (overstable), not giving them much distance at all.

The disc spin, angle upon release, and air speed (partially related to arm speed) are important control factors. The Bernoulli principle of flight allows the disc to achieve lift, when the air flows over the top of the disc, faster than the bottom of it. As a disc gets older and is used often (Banged into trees, rocks, targets, etc.) it will normally become more and more understable.

The roller, which segues smoothly from the air to the ground, can far exceed the distance of a regular forearm or backhand throw. Disc geometry is crucial as only certain discs will roll well.

Differences with Ball Golf

Disc golf, unlike its popular older cousin "golf" (known as "ball golf" among disc golf enthusiasts), uses par 3s on many of the holes (Some courses, however, have several par 4 and even par 5 holes.)

Disc golf holes are roughly 1/3 the length of ball golf holes, at 150-300 feet per hole. Professional courses usually have an average hole length of around 400-450 feet.

Disc Golf Hall of Fame

• 1993: Vanessa Chambers | Dave Dunipace | Ed Headrick | Tom Monroe | Jim Palmeri | Dan Roddick | Ted Smethers
• 1994: Harold Duvall | Nobuya Kobayashi | Darrell Lynn | Dan Mangone | Doug Newland | Snapper Pierson | Lavone Wolfe
• 1995: Ken Climo | John David | David Greenwell | Johnny Roberts | Dr. Rick Voakes
• 1996: Mike Conger | Patti Kunkle | Rick Rothstein
• 1997: Steve Slasor | Elaine King | Jim Kenner
• 1998: Gregg Hosfeld | John Houck | Carlton Howard
• 1999: Sam Ferrans | Steve Wisecup | Tim Selinske
• 2000: Tom Schot | Royce Racinowski
• 2001: Stan McDaniel | Johnny Sias
• 2002: Alan Beaver | Gary Lewis
• 2003: Mark Horn | Brian Hoeniger | Dr. Stancil Johnson,
• 2004: Derek Robins | Geoff Lissaman | Johnny Lissaman | Marty Hapner
• 2005: Mats Bengtsson | Sylvia Voakes
• 2006: Chuck Kennedy | Kozo Shimbo
• 2007: Will be announced at 2007 PDGA Pro World Disc Golf Championship, Highbridge WI, late July.

Popular culture

• Frolf was referenced in the "Summer of George" episode of Seinfeld. From the realization that George and Jerry are each only "a half man", George starts helping Jerry with his new girlfriend. When George is supposed to be delivering cards for a party Jerry's girlfriend is hosting, he is met by a stranger in the park who asks: "You know we need a 4th for the back 9, you want in?" George decides to partake in the game.
• In the 2000 movie The Tao of Steve, Dex and his buddies spend several scenes playing disc golf on a course comprised of improvised and home-made targets.
• In 2005, disc golf was the main theme of an episode of Zoey 101 on Nickelodeon. The kids played on a disc golf team and competed against a hard team of older, meaner kids and won.
• During an episode of Dane Cook's popular series Tourgasm, the four comedians are shown having a disc golf challenge.
• In the movie Slackers Ethan (Jason Schwartzman) gets hit in the face with a disc in one of the scenes involving himself and Angela (Jaime King) by an annoyed disc golfer's disc.
• In "The Convict" episode of The Office, character Andy Bernard claims that he created a disc golf club at Cornell University and that he "lives to frolf."

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